Reframing

It can be hard to coordinate all the elements of a behavior when we first learn how to do it. Think about when you first learned how to drive a car, ride a bike, or kick a soccer ball.

• The behaviors become easier as your skills improve over time.
• Eventually, the behavior feels more automatic.
• When you can free your mind from concentrating on a task and just simply do it, we call this "automatic thinking."
• For many situations, automatic thinking is a good thing because it is efficient and frees up our mind to focus on other important things.
• There are down sides to automatic thinking when it comes to pain.
• When we first develop pain (e.g., with an injury), we tend to avoid tasks that would make it worse.
  • We may avoid social outings that could make it worse.
  • Sometimes we cut back on exercise.
  • In time, we learn that avoiding some behaviors can make the pain feel better.
  • We might also think about how awful the pain feels and how limiting pain can be on our future plans.
  • With time, thoughts about avoiding activity to avoid pain become automatic.
• Although avoiding exercise and social activities can help relieve pain when it is acute (short term), these are exactly the wrong approaches to use for dealing with chronic pain.
• With chronic pain, you need to engage in paced physical activity, social activities, and you will likely need to engage in some form of work.
• When pain becomes chronic, it is important to become aware of your automatic thoughts and potentially rethink them.

This is all easier said than done. Because automatic thoughts are learned, it can be difficult to challenge these thoughts and retrain your mind to think differently.

• There are different thinking styles of automatic thinking.
• All of them can have negative effects on managing pain.

Here are some examples:

• Catastrophizing:
  • Excessive worry and/or prediction of a worst-case outcome.
  • For example, a person in pain might think, "My pain is never going to end" or "This is the worst thing that could happen to me."
• Black and white thinking:
  • When we see only two possible outcomes – one very good and one very bad.
  • Few things in life are actually this way.
  • Instead, outcomes usually fall along a range that can have varying degrees of "goodness" or "badness."
  • Often negative things also have some good parts to them.
  • People who think this way might note that "Everything went wrong today," even if only one thing went wrong that day.
• Ignoring the Positive:
  • When a person focuses on the negative and ignores positive events.
  • For example, think about the person who leaves their house, even though they have pain.
  • This person joins friends for lunch and has a great time but has to leave early because of their pain.
  • A person who ignores the positive and focuses on the negative would focus on having cut the outing short and would discount the positive experience of enjoying time out with her friends.
• Prediction:
  • Happens when a person decides how an event will turn out before it happens.
  • It is especially a problem when we predict a negative outcome.
  • For example, an individual might wake up and think, "I know today is going to be a bad day" despite no sign that today will be better or worse than the day before.
• Should Statements:
  • When a person thinks "I should do this" or "I must do that."
  • These thoughts can make people feel pressured, stressed, and resentful.
  • Thoughts about what a person should or should not do can be especially upsetting because abilities change with pain conditions.
  • Often, expectations for what one should be able to accomplish do not change.

Using any of these automatic thinking styles can lead to a more negative thinking.

• Taking a negative approach to thinking will likely generate negative emotions.
  • Negative emotions can make pain worse.
• We do not want to imply that you should be happy about your pain or have unrealistic expectations about it.
• Being aware of negative automatic thoughts and working to change them can help us live in the present.
• The intent here is to:
  • Be aware of your thinking as it can influence your feelings and symptoms.
    • If you identify any of the negative patterns above, try to challenge
      them before they take you down a negative path.

There are many problems with negative automatic thoughts.

• Negative thinking leads to negative outcomes more often.
• It makes positive outcomes less likely.
• Negative thoughts are related to having worse pain, worse fatigue, and worse depression.
• Importantly, they set us up for how we react to new problems or opportunities.
• If you believe that your pain will never get better, you are likely going to be skeptical about opportunities to improve your pain.
• Of course, then any efforts to improve pain run a higher risk of failing for you.
• Worse yet, you might even choose to skip an opportunity to better manage pain if you think that getting better is impossible.

To be efficient, automatic thinking leaves out a lot of information.

• If the situation changes (as in shifting from acute to chronic pain), automatic thoughts that were true about acute pain may not be true for chronic pain.
• Automatic thoughts from pain tend to focus on the negative and dismiss the positive.
  • This leads to most of our thinking focusing on negative events or outcomes instead.

Negative thoughts can lead to negativity and positive thoughts can lead to positivity.

• When someone with pain believes that they can function or reduce their pain, then they are more likely to do things that will improve their quality of life.
• Having more positive thoughts gives you the greatest opportunity to get better and make the most of the life that is in front of you.

Reframing is an important strategy for managing thoughts.

A person using this strategy works to balance their way of thinking so that it is not overly negative. This requires three key steps:

(1) Identifying the negative thoughts.

(2) Challenging the negative thoughts.

(3) Developing alternative thoughts.

We have already discussed negative thoughts, so now we will focus on challenging the negative thoughts and developing alternatives.

• When we ask someone to challenge their negative thoughts, we start by asking them to tell us about the proof they have for the thought they are having.
• Important: Think about what evidence supports the thought.
  • What evidence challenges the thought?
• For example, if someone has the catastrophic thought that, "The rain will never stop:”
  • Consider how long it has rained.
  • Think about when the last time was that it was not raining.
  • What evidence supports the belief that it will rain forever?

The next step is to come up with different, more accurate thoughts.

• These thoughts should be based on evidence that is being ignored or forgotten.
• If the person in the rain example noticed that:
  • It has rained for six straight days but…
    • It was sunny before that,
    • It is a rainy time of year,
    • It rained for 11 straight days at this time last year before there was a sunny day, then:
• Then they could come up with a more balanced thought.
• A more accurate thought could be:
  • "Even though it feels like the rain will never stop, it is actually common for it to rain a lot this time of year. It will eventually stop raining."
• This way of thinking is more realistic.
• Thinking this way is less emotionally upsetting.

Training yourself to use these more balanced thoughts as automatic thoughts can help you by:

• Reducing emotional negatively.
• This lowers pain intensity.

Here are some examples of reframing that relate to coping with pain:

• Susie is having a difficult day with her pain.
• She thinks, "This pain is going to ruin my life."
  • When asked for the evidence for this, Susie notes that she had to cancel some plans yesterday because of her pain.
  • However, she describes another recent day, with similar pain, where she was able to make different choices that allowed her to follow through with her plans for the day.
  • Susie recognizes that an alternative thought could be, "Although my pain got in the way yesterday, I am also able to find ways to keep it from getting in the way like pacing and using relaxation methods."
  • Compared to the original thought, Susie feels more confident that she can manage her pain.
• Jim's physical functioning has changed because of his pain. He states, "Because of my pain, I am no longer able to be a good parent."
  • Jim started by noting some things he was unable to do recently around the home.
  • He admits these limitations are the reason for this thought. When pressed to think of ways he has contributed to his family as a parent, he lists many things:
    • he helped his daughter with her homework.
    • he read to his son before bedtime.
    • he made decisions with his wife about an upcoming birthday party.
  • Because of this, Jim recognizes that he can still help to raise his children even though he cannot do everything he did before.
  • Compared to his original thought, Jim feels better about his parenting.

It is important to know what reframing does and does not accomplish.

• Reframing is not about telling yourself something that is fake or overly positive.
• We do not want anyone to pretend everything is fine when it is not.
• Instead, reframing is really about having thoughts that more accurately reflect the evidence.
• Most importantly: This more balanced way of thinking typically means thinking about a better, or at least "less negative" outcome.

Steps to Reframing

There are 4 main steps to reframing negative automatic thoughts:

Step 1: Think about something that made you feel sad, frustrated, guilty, angry, or worried.

Step 2: List the automatic thoughts that went through your mind.

Step 3: Identify how the thought made you feel.

Step 4: Looking at the evidence for your thoughts, think creatively to generate a more accurate and balanced thought.

To practice these steps, create a table like the one below.

Learning to reframe your thoughts takes practice over many days and weeks. As you practice noticing, questioning, and changing your negative automatic thoughts, it should become easier.

As you can see in the previous section, reframing thoughts takes work.

• In many cases, this is important work that can be helpful to you.
• Automatic thinking may be needlessly leading to negative affect and producing poorer outcomes for you.
• In some cases, however, you might want a quicker and simpler strategy for working on unhelpful thoughts.

This alternative strategy is to let the negative thoughts remain but to recognize that thoughts are simply fleeting ideas.

• Your thoughts do not define you.
• Your thoughts do not necessarily define what is really going on.

Automatic thoughts become problems when we believe the thought, hold on to that thought, own that thought, and make life decisions based on the thought.

• Alternatively, we can have thoughts without holding, owning, or deciding based on those thoughts.
• Instead, we can have the thought, acknowledge its presence, and allow it to pass through without grabbing our focus.

Letting thoughts come and go is a skill that takes practice.

• With enough practice, a person can become very skilled at letting thoughts pass through their minds without being affected by them.
• If you enjoy this module, you might choose to learn more about it.
• There are resources at the end of this module for those who would like to learn more.

Here are some examples of how to use this approach.

• Let's start with a sample thought: "I wish I didn't have this pain."
• Some people might go from this initial thought to being bothered by their pain ("It is really getting in the way of my life" or "I am never going to achieve what I wanted in life because of this pain").
• Other individuals might change their behavior in response to this thought such as spending less time being active in hopes of decreasing their pain.

In the previous example, the individuals are "owning" the thought.

• They wish they did not have the pain and, as a result, act by changing their thoughts and/or behaviors to try to fix this unpleasant situation.

As an alternative, one might argue that it is perfectly reasonable to wish that the pain was gone.

• This is a simply a wish and can exist without further thought or action.
• You might add a stem to the thought by saying "I am having the thought that… I wish I didn't have this pain."
• This strategy isolates the thought for what it is, "just a thought" rather than a stimulus for additional negative thinking, action or emotions.

Steps for letting go of thoughts

Following the steps below will allow you to practice the very basic skill of noticing and letting go of thoughts.

• Step 1: Adopt a relaxed posture, whether you are sitting or standing.
  • Pay attention to how you are breathing.
  • Close your eyes if possible. Ask yourself "What am I experiencing right now?"
  • Think about your emotions, what you are feeling in your body, and what thoughts you are having.
• Step 2: Start to imagine that you are experiencing your thoughts in new way.
  • For example, if you are having anxious, racing thoughts, imagine that your mind is like a monkey jumping from branch to branch.
  • Each branch is a new thought that you can just notice and let go of as you jump to another thought.
  • Or imagine your thoughts as speeding trains coming into and leaving the train station.
  • Perhaps instead of racing thoughts, you have a thought that is stuck, like a boot stuck in thick mud.
  • As you observe your thoughts in a new way, picture the imaginary screen in detail and continuously bring your focus back to your body; notice your breathing and what you are feeling in your body.
  • Whatever imagery works best for you, imagine your thoughts to be something else (a monkey, train, boot, or something else) and just observe them.
  • Just notice the thoughts and their effects on you.
  • Notice that they are just thoughts.
  • And then let them go.
  • Allow the monkey, train, boot etc. to dissolve.

As with reframing, mastering letting your thoughts go is a skill that must be practiced.

Skills from the PainGuide Relaxation Module can also help you in developing your skills at letting your thoughts go.

An additional strategy is to deliberately think positive, realistic, helpful thoughts.

• When feeling stressed or uncomfortable, you can coach yourself through the situation by focusing on thoughts that you find reassuring, centering, motivating, or helpful.
• These are sometimes called "coping thoughts."
• For example, how might these thoughts make you feel?
  • "I know there are things I can do to manage my pain (or stress, or fatigue)."
  • "I am uncomfortable at the moment but can handle it if I focus on deep breathing."
• "I have been through difficult things before and know I will get through this."
• "I can handle this."
• "This, too, will pass."
• "Stay focused on the present. What do I need to do right now?"
• "Take a slow, deep breath."
• "This is not really an emergency. I can slow down and think about what to do next."

These thoughts tend to promote positive feelings, make you feel hopeful, and help you cope with symptoms.

• Coping thoughts are most helpful when they are personalized to you.
• Tips for generating your personal coping thoughts include:
  • Think about reassuring thoughts you have used before. What has worked in the past?
  • Come up with statements that are specific to your situation.
  • For example, if you are bothered by pain, think of statements specific to coping with pain that you find helpful, soothing, or hopeful.
  • Make sure that your coping thoughts are positive but truthful.
  • For example, if you struggle with pain, it probably won’t be helpful to think, "I won't feel pain again" as it isn't truthful.
  • Instead, a more truthful and helpful thought might be, "I can use my self-management skills to reduce the pain" or "this pain flare up will pass, just as others have."
• Keep your coping thoughts short and easy to remember.
• You may even want to pick one or two calming thoughts as your "mantra"/go-to statements.
  • Think about what a supportive friend would say to you and repeat this.

It can be difficult to remember your coping thoughts when you are under stress or feeling bad.

• Thus, we recommend that you write out several coping thoughts on a small card (a "coping card") or keep them readily available on your mobile device so that you can easily read them when you need to.
• You might even want to write out different statements for different situations or symptoms
  • For example, have a few coping thoughts handy for pain, and a few more for fatigue.
  • Refer back to your coping card or coping thoughts regularly, so they become part of your self-management toolkit.